Respiratory viruses and Influenza
Research Lines
Content with Investigacion .
Virus Respiratorios y Gripe
• Gripe humana y animal. Vigilancia de su circulación. Antigripales, resistencias virales. Vacunas
• Infecciones víricas respiratorias en pacientes pediátricos • Diagnóstico, referencia y Nuevos procedimientos basados en la metagenómica viral para el estudio de virus respiratorios.
• Epidemiologia de Virus respiratorios: Gripe, Virus Respiratorio Sincitial, Adenovirus, Metapneumovirus humano, Coronavirus (MERS, 229E, OC43, HKU1, NL63), Parainfluenzavirus, Rinovirus, Bocavirus humano
• Virus respiratorios emergentes • Biodefensa y virus
Research projects
Content with Investigacion .
CURRENT PROJECTS: Award of the RETOS-COLABORATION 2019 Call for Proposals: Development of diagnostic kits using real-time multiplex PCR in liquid and gel format for the detection of viral diseases and sepsis.
Reference: RTC2019-007023-1 / MPY 292/20. Project funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation and the State Research Agency.
PI: Inmaculada Casas and Giovanni Fedele.
Execution dates: 2020-2023.
Amount financed: 442,653 €.
Collaborator: Francisco Pozo
Publications
Evolution of broadly cross-reactive HIV-1-neutralizing activity: therapy-associated decline, positive association with detectable viremia, and partial restoration of B-cell subpopulations
Ferreira CB, Merino-Mansilla A, Llano A, Perez I, Crespo I, Llinas L, Garcia F, Gatell JM, Yuste E, Sanchez-Merino V; J Virol. 2013 Nov;87(22):12227-36
PUBMED DOIDefinition of the viral targets of protective HIV-1-specific T cell responses
Mothe B, Llano A, Ibarrondo J, Daniels M, Miranda C, Zamarreno J, Bach V, Zuniga R, Perez-Alvarez S, Berger CT, Puertas MC, Martinez-Picado J, Rolland M, Farfan M, Szinger JJ, Hildebrand WH, Yang OO, Sanchez-Merino V, Brumme CJ, Brumme ZL, Heckerman D, Allen TM, Mullins JI, Gomez G, Goulder PJ, Walker BD, Gatell JM, Clotet B, Korber BT, Sanchez J, Brander C; J Transl Med. 2011 Dec 7;9:208
PUBMED DOIBroadly cross-neutralizing antibodies in HIV-1 patients with undetectable viremia
Medina-Ramirez M, Sanchez-Merino V, Sanchez-Palomino S, Merino-Mansilla A, Ferreira CB, Perez I, Gonzalez N, Alvarez A, Alcocer-Gonzalez JM, Garcia F, Gatell JM, Alcami J, Yuste E; J Virol. 2011 Jun;85(12):5804-13.
PUBMED DOISimian immunodeficiency virus engrafted with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific epitopes: replication, neutralization, and survey of HIV-1-positive plasma
Yuste E, Sanford HB, Carmody J, Bixby J, Little S, Zwick MB, Greenough T, Burton DR, Richman DD, Desrosiers RC, Johnson WE*. 2006. J Virol 80:3030-41.
PUBMED DOIHigh-Resolution Melting Assay to Detect the Mutations That Cause the Y132F and G458S Substitutions at the ERG11 Gene Involved in Azole Resistance in Candida parapsilosis
Nuria Trevijano-Contador, Elena López-Peralta, Jorge López-López, Alejandra Roldán, Cristina de Armentia, Óscar Zaragoza. Mycoses 2024 Nov;67(11):e13811
PUBMED DOIBroad Protection against Invasive Fungal Disease from a Nanobody Targeting the Active Site of Fungal β-1,3-Glucanosyltransferases
Redrado-Hernández S, Macías-León J, Castro-López J, Belén Sanz A, Dolader E, Arias M, González-Ramírez AM, Sánchez-Navarro D, Petryk Y, Farkaš V, Vincke C, Muyldermans S, García-Barbazán I, Del Agua C, Zaragoza O, Arroyo J, Pardo J, Gálvez EM, Hurtado-Guerrero R. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2024 Aug 19;63(34):e202405823.
PUBMED DOIFungal burden assessment in hospital zones with different protection degrees
García-Gutiérrez L, Baena Rojas B, Ruiz M, Hernández Egido S, Ruiz-Gaitán AC, Laiz L, Pemán J, Cuétara-García MS, Mellado E & Martin-Sanchez PM. Build Environ, Volume 269, 1 February 2025, 112454
DOIDistribution of Aspergillus Species and Prevalence of Azole Resistance in clinical and environmental Samples from a Spanish Hospital during a three-year study period
Lucio J, Alcazar-Fuoli L, Gil H, Cano-Pascual S, Hernandez-Egido S, Cuetara MS and Mellado E. Mycoses. 2024 Apr;67(4):e13719.
PUBMED DOIPotential implication of azole persistence in the treatment failure of two haematological patients infected with Aspergillus fumigatus
Peláez-García de la Rasilla T, Mato-López A, Pablos-Puertas CE, González-Huerta AJ, Gómez-López A, Mellado E, Amich J. Journal of Fungi, 2023 Jul 30;9(8):805.
PUBMED DOIAspergillus fumigatus can exhibit persistence to the fungicidal drug voriconazole
Valero C., Á Mato-López, I J. Donaldson, A. Roldán, H. Chown, N. Van-Rhijn, S. Gago, T. Furukawa, A. Mogorovsky, R. Ben Ami, P. Bowyer, N. Osherov, T. Fontaine, G.H. Goldman, E. Mellado, M. Bromley and J. Amich. Microbiology Spectrum.2023 13;11(2):e0477022
PUBMED DOICOVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CAPA): Hospital or Home Environment as a source of life-threatening Aspergillus fumigatus infection?
Peláez-García de la Rasilla T, González-Jiménez I, García-Fernández Arroyo A, Roldán A, Carretero-Ares JL, Clemente-García M,, Martínez-Suarez M, Vázquez Valdés F, Melón-Garcia S, Mellado E, Sánchez-Nuñez ML on behalf HUCAPA group. Journal of Fungi, 2022 Mar 19;8(3):316.
PUBMED DOIThe sulfur-related metabolic status of Aspergillus fumigatus during infection reveals cytosolic serine hydroxymethyltransferase as a promising antifungal target
Alharthi R, Sueiro-Olivares M, Storer I, Bin Shuraym H, Scott J, Al-Shidhani R, Fortune-Grant R, Bignell E, Tabernero L, Bromley M and Amich J. 2025. Virulence, 16(1):2449075
PUBMED DOIGuasp, P., E. Lorente, A. Martín-Esteban, E. Barnea, P. Romania, D. Fruci, J. J. W. Kuiper, A. Admon, and J. A. López de Castro. 2019. Redundancy and Complementarity between ERAP1 and ERAP2 Revealed by their Effects on the Behcet's Disease-Associated HLA-B*51 Peptidome. Mol.Cell Proteomics.
Guasp, P., E. Lorente, A. Martín-Esteban, E. Barnea, P. Romania, D. Fruci, J. J. W. Kuiper, A. Admon, and J. A. López de Castro. 2019. Redundancy and Complementarity between ERAP1 and ERAP2 Revealed by their Effects on the Behcet's Disease-Associated HLA-B*51 Peptidome. Mol.Cell Proteomics.
PUBMED DOIProteomics analysis reveals that structural proteins of the virion core and involved in gene expression are the main source for HLA class II ligands in vaccinia virus-infected cells.
Lorente, E., Martin-Galiano, A. J., Barnea, E., Barriga, A., Palomo, C., Garcia-Arriaza, J., Mir, C., Lauzurica, P., Esteban, M., Admon, A., and Lopez, D. (2019) Proteomics analysis reveals that structural proteins of the virion core and involved in gene expression are the main source for HLA class II ligands in vaccinia virus-infected cells. J.Proteome.Res. 18(9):3512-3520
PUBMED DOIComputational characterization of the peptidome in transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-deficient cells.
Martin-Galiano, A. J. and Lopez, D. (2019) Computational characterization of the peptidome in transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-deficient cells. PLoS.ONE. 14, e0210583.
PUBMED DOILorente, E., A. Barriga, E. Barnea, C. Palomo, J. Garcia-Arriaza, C. Mir, M. Esteban, A. Admon, and D. López. 2019. Immunoproteomic analysis of a Chikungunya poxvirus-based vaccine reveals high HLA class II immunoprevalence. PLoS.Negl.Trop.Dis. 13:e0007547.
Lorente, E., A. Barriga, E. Barnea, C. Palomo, J. Garcia-Arriaza, C. Mir, M. Esteban, A. Admon, and D. López. 2019. Immunoproteomic analysis of a Chikungunya poxvirus-based vaccine reveals high HLA class II immunoprevalence. PLoS.Negl.Trop.Dis. 13:e0007547.
PUBMED DOILópez, D., A. Barriga, E. Lorente, and C. Mir. 2019. Immunoproteomic Lessons for Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Design. J.Clin.Med. 8.
López, D., A. Barriga, E. Lorente, and C. Mir. 2019. Immunoproteomic Lessons for Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Design. J.Clin.Med. 8.
PUBMED DOIBrait, V. H., F. Miro-Mur, I. Perez-de-Puig, L. Notario, B. Hurtado, J. Pedragosa, M. Gallizioli, F. Jimenez-Altayo, M. Arbaizar-Rovirosa, A. Otxoa-de-Amezaga, J. Monteagudo, M. Ferrer-Ferrer, l. R. de, X, E. Bonfill-Teixidor, A. Salas-Perdomo, A. Hernandez-Vidal, P. Garcia-de-Frutos, P. Lauzurica, and A. M. Planas. 2019. CD69 Plays a Beneficial Role in Ischemic Stroke by Dampening Endothelial Activation. Circ.Res. 124:279-291.
Brait, V. H., F. Miro-Mur, I. Perez-de-Puig, L. Notario, B. Hurtado, J. Pedragosa, M. Gallizioli, F. Jimenez-Altayo, M. Arbaizar-Rovirosa, A. Otxoa-de-Amezaga, J. Monteagudo, M. Ferrer-Ferrer, l. R. de, X, E. Bonfill-Teixidor, A. Salas-Perdomo, A. Hernandez-Vidal, P. Garcia-de-Frutos, P. Lauzurica, and A. M. Planas. 2019. CD69 Plays a Beneficial Role in Ischemic Stroke by Dampening Endothelial Activation. Circ.Res. 124:279-291.
DOILorente, E., J. Redondo-Anton, A. Martín-Esteban, P. Guasp, E. Barnea, P. Lauzurica, A. Admon, and J. A. López de Castro. 2019. Substantial Influence of ERAP2 on the HLA-B*40:02 Peptidome: Implications for HLA-B*27-Negative Ankylosing Spondylitis. Mol.Cell Proteomics. 18:2298-2309.
Lorente, E., J. Redondo-Anton, A. Martín-Esteban, P. Guasp, E. Barnea, P. Lauzurica, A. Admon, and J. A. López de Castro. 2019. Substantial Influence of ERAP2 on the HLA-B*40:02 Peptidome: Implications for HLA-B*27-Negative Ankylosing Spondylitis. Mol.Cell Proteomics. 18:2298-2309.
PUBMED DOILorente, E., C. Palomo, E. Barnea, C. Mir, V. M. Del, A. Admon, and D. López. 2019a. Natural Spleen Cell Ligandome in Transporter Antigen Processing-Deficient Mice. J.Proteome.Res. 18:3512-3520.
Lorente, E., C. Palomo, E. Barnea, C. Mir, V. M. Del, A. Admon, and D. López. 2019a. Natural Spleen Cell Ligandome in Transporter Antigen Processing-Deficient Mice. J.Proteome.Res. 18:3512-3520.
PUBMEDLorente, E., M. G. Fontela, E. Barnea, A. J. Martín-Galiano, C. Mir, B. Galocha, A. Admon, P. Lauzurica, and D. López. 2020. Modulation of Natural HLA-B*27:05 Ligandome by Ankylosing Spondylitis-associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase 2 (ERAP2). Mol.Cell Proteomics. 19:994-1004.
Lorente, E., M. G. Fontela, E. Barnea, A. J. Martín-Galiano, C. Mir, B. Galocha, A. Admon, P. Lauzurica, and D. López. 2020. Modulation of Natural HLA-B*27:05 Ligandome by Ankylosing Spondylitis-associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase 2 (ERAP2). Mol.Cell Proteomics. 19:994-1004.
PUBMED DOIRedondo-Anton, J., M. G. Fontela, L. Notario, R. Torres-Ruiz, S. Rodriguez-Perales, E. Lorente, and P. Lauzurica. 2020. Functional Characterization of a Dual Enhancer/Promoter Regulatory Element Leading Human CD69 Expression. Front Genet. 11:552949.
Redondo-Anton, J., M. G. Fontela, L. Notario, R. Torres-Ruiz, S. Rodriguez-Perales, E. Lorente, and P. Lauzurica. 2020. Functional Characterization of a Dual Enhancer/Promoter Regulatory Element Leading Human CD69 Expression. Front Genet. 11:552949.
PUBMED DOIFontela, M. G., L. Notario, E. Alari-Pahissa, E. Lorente, and P. Lauzurica. 2019
Fontela, M. G., L. Notario, E. Alari-Pahissa, E. Lorente, and P. Lauzurica. 2019. The Conserved Non-Coding Sequence 2 (CNS2) Enhances CD69 Transcription through Cooperation between the Transcription Factors Oct1 and RUNX1. Genes (Basel) 10.
PUBMED DOILorente, E., E. Barnea, C. Mir, A. Admon, and D. López. 2020. The HLA-DP peptide repertoire from human respiratory syncytial virus is focused on major structural proteins with the exception of the viral polymerase. J Proteomics. 221:103759.
Lorente, E., E. Barnea, C. Mir, A. Admon, and D. López. 2020. The HLA-DP peptide repertoire from human respiratory syncytial virus is focused on major structural proteins with the exception of the viral polymerase. J Proteomics. 221:103759.
PUBMED DOIMarquez, A., M. Gomez-Fontela, S. Lauzurica, R. Candorcio-Simon, D. Munoz-Martín, M. Morales, M. Ubago, C. Toledo, P. Lauzurica, and C. Molpeceres. 2020. Fluorescence enhanced BA-LIFT for single cell detection and isolation. Biofabrication. 12:025019.
Marquez, A., M. Gomez-Fontela, S. Lauzurica, R. Candorcio-Simon, D. Munoz-Martín, M. Morales, M. Ubago, C. Toledo, P. Lauzurica, and C. Molpeceres. 2020. Fluorescence enhanced BA-LIFT for single cell detection and isolation. Biofabrication. 12:025019.
PUBMED DOILorente, E., M. Marcilla, P. G. de la Sota, A. Quijada-Freire, C. Mir, and D. López. 2021. Acid Stripping after Infection Improves the Detection of Viral HLA Class I Natural Ligands Identified by Mass Spectrometry. Int.J.Mol.Sci. 22.
Lorente, E., M. Marcilla, P. G. de la Sota, A. Quijada-Freire, C. Mir, and D. López. 2021. Acid Stripping after Infection Improves the Detection of Viral HLA Class I Natural Ligands Identified by Mass Spectrometry. Int.J.Mol.Sci. 22.
PUBMED DOIde la Sota, P. G., E. Lorente, L. Notario, C. Mir, O. Zaragoza, and D. López. 2021. Mitoxantrone Shows In Vitro, but Not In Vivo Antiviral Activity against Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Biomedicines. 9.
de la Sota, P. G., E. Lorente, L. Notario, C. Mir, O. Zaragoza, and D. López. 2021. Mitoxantrone Shows In Vitro, but Not In Vivo Antiviral Activity against Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Biomedicines. 9.
PUBMED DOIPredicted Epitope Abundance Supports Vaccine-Induced Cytotoxic Protection Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern.
Martín-Galiano, A. J., F. Diez-Fuertes, M. J. McConnell, and D. López. 2021. Predicted Epitope Abundance Supports Vaccine-Induced Cytotoxic Protection Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern. Front Immunol. 12:732693.
PUBMED DOIPrediction of Conserved HLA Class I and Class II Epitopes from SARS-CoV-2 Licensed Vaccines Supports T-Cell Cross-Protection against SARS-CoV-1.
López, D. 2022. Prediction of Conserved HLA Class I and Class II Epitopes from SARS-CoV-2 Licensed Vaccines Supports T-Cell Cross-Protection against SARS-CoV-1. Biomedicines. 10.
PUBMED DOIAbundance, Betweenness Centrality, Hydrophobicity, and Isoelectric Points Are Relevant Factors in the Processing of Parental Proteins of the HLA Class II Ligandome.
Lorente, E., A. J. Martín-Galiano, D. M. Kadosh, A. Barriga, J. Garcia-Arriaza, C. Mir, M. Esteban, A. Admon, and D. López. 2022. Abundance, Betweenness Centrality, Hydrophobicity, and Isoelectric Points Are Relevant Factors in the Processing of Parental Proteins of the HLA Class II Ligandome. J.Proteome.Res. 21:164-171.
DOICross-Recognition of SARS-CoV-2 B-Cell Epitopes with Other Betacoronavirus Nucleoproteins
Tajuelo, A., M. López-Siles, V. Mas, P. Perez-Romero, J. M. Aguado, V. Briz, M. J. McConnell, A. J. Martín-Galiano, and D. López. 2022. Cross-Recognition of SARS-CoV-2 B-Cell Epitopes with Other Betacoronavirus Nucleoproteins. Int.J.Mol.Sci. 23.
PUBMEDPredicted HLA Class I and Class II Epitopes From Licensed Vaccines Are Largely Conserved in New SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant of Concern.
López, D. 2022. Predicted HLA Class I and Class II Epitopes From Licensed Vaccines Are Largely Conserved in New SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant of Concern. Front Immunol. 13:832889.
PUBMEDGarcia-Arriaza, J., M. Esteban, and D. López. 2021
Garcia-Arriaza, J., M. Esteban, and D. López. 2021. Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara as a Viral Vector for Vaccine Candidates against Chikungunya Virus. Biomedicines. 9.
PUBMEDDiagnósitico microbiológico y control de la legionelosis
Pelaz Antolín, C., et al., En Procedimientos en Microbiología Clínica, E.C.y.R. Cantón, Editor. 2005, SEIMC. p. 1-72.
PUBMEDLegionella-Biofilms-Amebas, un problema industrial, de sanidad ambiental y de salud pública
Juana María González-Rubio, Celia Játiva, Almudena Cascajero, Fernando González-Camacho. Infoplagas, nº 112, agosto 2023 pags: 20-24. (Artículo de divulgación).
DOIPrograma de Legionelosis. En Echevarría Mayo JE y Oteo Iglesias J (Editores). Programas de Vigilancia Microbiológica pags: 74-80. Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Madrid: Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 2021.
Bellido B y Pelaez C: Programa de Legionelosis. En Echevarría Mayo JE y Oteo Iglesias J (Editores). Programas de Vigilancia Microbiológica pags: 74-80. Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Madrid: Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 2021.
Programa de Legionelosis. En Echevarría Mayo JE y Oteo Iglesias J (Editores) Programas de Vigilancia Microbiológica Centro Nacional de Microbiología.
Fernando González-Camacho y Almudena Cascajero. Programa de Legionelosis. En Echevarría Mayo JE y Oteo Iglesias J (Editores) Programas de Vigilancia Microbiológica Centro Nacional de Microbiología. Volumen 2:77-89. 2021-2022 Majadahonda (Madrid); Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro Nacional de Microbiología: 2023.
Chikungunya virus infections among travellers returning to Spain, 2008 to 2014
3. Maria Dolores Fernandez Garcia; Mathieu Bangert; Fernando de Ory; Arantxa Potente; Lourdes Hernandez; Fatima Lasala; Laura Herrero; Francisca Molero; Anabel Negredo; Ana Vázquez; Teodora Minguito; Pilar Balfagón; Jesus de la Fuente; Sabino Puente; Eva Ramírez de Arellano; Mar Lago; Miguel Martinez; Joaquim Gascón; Francesca Norman; Rogelio Lopez Velez; Elena Sulleiro; Diana Pou; Nuria Serre; Ricardo Fernández Roblas; Antonio Tenorio; Leticia Franco; Maria Paz Sanchez Seco. Chikungunya virus infections among travellers returning to Spain, 2008 to 2014. Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin. 21 - 36, (Sweden): 08/09/2016. ISSN 1560-7917
PUBMED DOILegionella feeleii: Ubiquitous Pathogen in the Environment and Causative Agent of Pneumonia
Vaccaro L, Gomes TS, Izquierdo F, Magnet A, Llorens Berzosa S, Ollero D, Salso S, Alhambra A, Gómez C, López Cano M, Pelaz C, Bellido Samaniego B, Del Aguila C, Fenoy S, Hurtado-Marcos C. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:707187.
DOI-

Ana Alastruey Izquierdo
Research Scientist
ORCID code: 0000-0001-8651-4405
Doctor in microbiology from the Complutense University of Madrid and Master in Bioinformatics and computational biology from the same university. He completed his doctoral thesis at the ISCIII under the supervision of Dr. Juan Luis Rodríguez Tudela in molecular identification of human pathogenic fungi. He carried out research stays in Holland (Fungal Biodiversity Center, CBS-Knaw, Utrecht) and Austria (Austrian Institute of Technology). In 2010-2011 he joined Dr. David Perlin's group as a postdoctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute of Rutgers University in the United States working on antifungal resistance. In 2012 and 2013 he carried out research stays at the European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI). Since 2014 he has been a Senior Scientist at the ISCIII.
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María Cabrerizo Sanz
Tenure Scientist and Group Leader
ORCID code: 0000-0001-7054-5696
Doctor in Chemistry, specializing in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (2000). Except for a postdoctoral period of 2 years at the Hospital de La Princesa, in which her research was related to onco-hematological diseases, the rest of her scientific career has focused on the study of infectious diseases caused by viruses and their surveillance. She joined the Instituto de Salud Carlos III in 2003, first in the Laboratory of Arbovirus and Imported Viral Diseases, then in the Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis and finally, in the Laboratory of Enterovirus (which is accredited as a National Polio Laboratory -LNP- for the WHO since 1998). She obtained the position of Tenure Scientist in 2016, at the same time she assumed the responsibility of the laboratory, currently of Enteric Viruses: Poliovirus/Enterovirus, Parechovirus and Gastroenteritis-producing Viruses, of the CNM. She has 4 scientific sexennials and 4 quinquennials recognized.
She has been and is PI of 4 consecutive research projects and 3 service contracts, from 2012 to the present, participating, in addition, in other 20 projects. As head of the LNP, she is part of the Working Group of the National Plan for the Eradication of Poliomyelitis and of the WHO European Polio Laboratory Network. She is also a member of the European Non-Polio Enterovirus Network (ENPEN), and of the national cooperation networks CIBERESP and RITIP (IdiPAZ). Since 2023 she is a Council Member from Spain of the European Society.
In total she has published 98 articles in WoS indexed journals (23 Q1 and 22 D1), being first author, senior author or correspondence author in 43 of them (H=27). She has supervised 1 PhD Thesis (2017) and 12 TFM. She is currently supervising another doctoral thesis (IMIENS-UNED). She participates as a teacher in three university masters (UCM, UAH and UV), being coordinator of the subject H2 of the Master of Virology at UCM.
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Javier García Pérez
Investigador Doctor
ORCID code: 0000-0001-7551-7803
Graduated in Biochemistry (1999) and Molecular Biology (2000) from the Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), he obtained a predoctoral fellowship “ISCIII” in the AIDS Immunopathology laboratory, where he developed new techniques based on recombinant viruses. His doctoral thesis focused on the application of this technological development to the study of the replicative capacity of HIV-1 and its resistance to antiretroviral drugs, obtaining the degree of Doctor of Science from the UAM in 2007.
Thanks to a short postdoc in 2008 and several stays between 2009 and 2015 at the Viral Pathogenesis Unit of the Institut Pasteur in Paris he extended his training in the study of HIV-1 envelope and tropism. Between 2015 and 2019 he rejoins the AIDS Immunopathology Unit at ISCIII, focusing his work on the study of the functional capacity of founder viruses, as well as variants of the virus with interest in Public Health due to its recent expansion in our country. He is currently leading a project on the study of a mutation in transportin 3 observed in patients with a very rare muscular dystrophy (LGMDD2) that confers protection against HIV-1 infection.
During the last 5 years he combines this activity in HIV-1 with the participation and leadership of different clinical trials and studies investigating the immunity generated in people vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Since 2024 he is a “Investigador Doctor fuera de Convenio” at the Spanish National Centre of Microbiology and he currently coordinates together with Dr. Francisco Díez Fuertes the AIDS Immunopathology Unit.
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María Luisa Gaspar Alonso-Vega
Research Professor
ORCID code: 0000-0001-9858-3862
Dr. María Luis Gaspar Alons-Vega graduated in 1980 and obtained her PhD in 1985 in Medicine and Surgery from the Autonomous University of Madrid. She completed the specialty of Immunology (1981-1985), and her doctoral thesis under the direction of Dr. Carmen Gutierrez, in the Immunology laboratory of the Puerta de Hierro Clinic directed by Dr. Miguel Kreisler. She completed a predoctoral stay in the Cytogenetics Laboratory of the National Institute of Autoimmune, Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK, NIH), under the supervision of Dr. JH Tjio and Dr. E. Raveché. She joined the Immunology Service of the National Center for Health Microbiology, Virology and Immunology (CNMVIS, AISNA and later ISCIII) as a Physician-Specialist in 1986, in the Immunology Laboratory directed by Dr. Alfredo Toraño. She completed a postdoctoral stay (1989-1991) at the Immunogenetics Unit of the Pasteur Institute (Paris) directed by Dr. T. Meo. From 1991 to 2006 she was Head of the Immunology Section successively at the CNMVIS, at the National Center for Fundamental Biology (CNBF-ISCIII) and at the National Center for Microbiology (CNM-ISCIII). From 2006 to 2016 she has been a Senior Researcher and Senior Scientist of OPIs, in the Immunobiology laboratory of the CNM-ISCIII. From 2016 to 2018 she was a Scientific Researcher at OPIs and since 2018, she is a Research Professor at OPIs at the CNM.
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Horacio Gil Gil
Research Scientist
ORCID code: 0000-0002-7114-6686
Degree in Veterinary Medicine in 1995 and PhD in Veterinary Medicine in 2002 from the University of Zaragoza. He did his PhD thesis at NEIKER Tecknalia (Derio, Vizcaya) and the National Center for Microbiology of Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CNM-ISCIII, Majadahonda, Madrid) on the biological cycle of Lyme disease in the Basque Country. After that, he developed his postdoctoral training in different aspects of the pathogenesis of tularemia at the Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, New York (USA) for 3 years. In December 2005, he joined the Reference and Research Laboratory in Special Pathogens of the CNM-ISCIII where he developed diagnostic, reference and research activities, in Bartonella, Leptospira and pathogens of interest in bioterrorism. Between 2014-2016 he participated in the European Program for the Training of Microbiologists in Public Health (EUPHEM), organized by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. During this program, he participated in an international mission for the investigation of a cholera outbreak in Ghana, proposed by the Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Diseases in Hamburg (Germany). In December 2016, he worked as a laboratory consultant for the World Health Organization at their office in Phnom Penh (Cambodia). Subsequently, he worked one year with Médecins Sans Frontières as director and quality manager of the TB laboratory in Nukus (Uzbekistan).
In 2019, he joined the HIV Variability and Biology Unit at CNM-ISCIII, where he developed different reference and research activities, including his contribution to the molecular epidemiological surveillance of HIV-1 in Spain and the study of HIV-1 antiretroviral resistance. Since September 2022 he has been leading the Human Papillomavirus Unit at the CNM-ISCIII. -

Adela González de la Campa
Scientific Investigator
ORCID code: 0000-0002-3598-2548
Dr. Adela González de la Campa obtained her degree in Biology in 1981 and her PhD in 1985 from the Complutense University of Madrid. She did her doctoral thesis in the laboratory of Dr. Miguel Vicente at the Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas of CSIC. Subsequently she worked for 2 years at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA in the laboratory of Sandford Lacks. After this postdoctoral stage in the USA, she worked for 3 years as a Reincorporation Fellow at the Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas of CSIC in the laboratory of Dr. Manuel Espinosa. He is a CSIC Senior Scientist since 1990 and Research Scientist since 2007. He participated as group leader of the CIBER of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES) from 2007 to 2015. Since 1990, she has been the principal investigator of the Bacterial Genetics Unit at the National Centre for Microbiology.
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Maribel Jiménez Alonso
Tenured Scientist
ORCID code: 0000-0002-5615-3087
Doctor in Pharmacy from the Complutense University of Madrid (1994) and Extraordinary Doctorate Award. She started her research activity at ISCIII in 1990 in the field of leishmaniasis. Currently, she is the head of the LEM where she develops her scientific work in the field of entomological surveillance of phlebotomine sandflies in the CM and other studies in the field of molecular biology, mainly applied to the model of Leishmania infantum and its vector Phlebotomus perniciosus. Member of the team of experts of the ISCIII that participates in the elaboration of Rapid Risk Assessments and in the working groups in charge of the elaboration of National Plans of Prevention, Surveillance and Control of Vector-borne Diseases of the CCAES, Ministry of Health. She is currently “Operational Focal Point” for vector-borne diseases at national level for the One Health-Vectornet network (EFSA and ECDC) and coordinator of the VectorNet-Spain network since July 2024. In addition, she is a member of the expert committee of the Network of Surveillance and Control of Vectors with public health interest in the Community of Madrid. In addition, she is part of a research group from CIBER (CIBERINFEC; CB21/13/00110).
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Vicente Mas Lloret
Scientific Researcher
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Eloisa Yuste Herranz
Staff Scientist
ORCID code: 0000-0002-9484-9974
She holds a Bachelor's and a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from the Complutense University of Madrid. She completed her first postdoctoral stay (1998–2001) at the “Severo Ochoa” Molecular Biology Center (Madrid). In 2001, she undertook a second postdoctoral stay at Harvard Medical School (USA), where she was promoted to Associate Researcher in 2005.
In 2008, she joined the August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (Barcelona) as a Ramón y Cajal Researcher, later being promoted to I3 Researcher in 2011 at the same institution. In 2016, she joined the National Center for Microbiology at the Carlos III Health Institute (Madrid) as a Distinguished Researcher. In 2018, she was promoted to Tenured Scientist at the same institution.
Her research has focused on the study of humoral immunity against HIV-1 and the development of preventive HIV-1 vaccine prototypes. She is currently co-leading, alongside Dr. Víctor Sánchez Merino, the newly established Humoral Immunity and HIV Vaccines Unit.
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Óscar Zaragoza Hernández
Research Professor
ORCID code: 0000-0002-1581-0845
Dr. Oscar Zaragoza graduated in Biology from the Complutense University of Madrid in 1995 and obtained his PhD from the Autonomous University of Madrid. He completed his doctoral thesis (2000) at the CSIC under the direction of Dr. Juana María Gancedo on the topic of glucose catabolite repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. During this period, he was also tutored by Dr. Carlos Gancedo in collaborative projects, that allowed him to start working with the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans.
After a brief postdoctoral stay in the same laboratory, in 2001, he joined the laboratory of Dr. Arturo Casadevall (Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York), where he specialized in research into virulence mechanisms of pathogenic fungi, mainly Cryptococcus neoformans. In 2006 he joined the National Center for Microbiology of the ISCIII thanks to a “Ramón y Cajal” contract and he became staff scientist in 2009. Currently, he occupies the rank of Research Professor of the OPIs.
During his career, he has published more than 140 articles, 4 book chapters and a popular book ("Microscopic fungi: Friends or Enemies?"). He has obtained public and private projects, and participates as CoIP of a CIBERINFEC group. He has supervised seven doctoral theses, and numerous master's thesis projects.
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Laura Alguacil Cuéllar
PhD student (pFIS)
ORCID code: 0000-0002-7362-0214
Graduated in Biology from the Rey Juan Carlos University, she completed the Master's Degree in Microbiology and Parasitology: Research and Development from the Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) and is an expert in Research Methodology and Evidence-Based Clinical Practice from the Miguel de Cervantes European University. For two years he was a research assistant in the Microbiology department of the Faculty of Pharmacy at the UCM thanks to a CM Young Employment Scholarship. In 2023 he joined ISCIII with a pFIS predoctoral contract under the direction of Dr. Ana Alastruey Izquierdo.
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Jorge Amich Elías
Tenure Scientist
ORCID code: 0000-0002-8987-5115
Doctor en Microbiología y Genética Molecular, realizó su tesis doctoral (2010) en la Universidad de Salamanca bajo la dirección del Dr. José Antonio Calera Abad. Realizó estancias postdoctorales en la Universidad de Würzburg (Alemania) bajo la supervisión del Prof. Sven Krappmann (2011-2012) y en el Hospital Clínico de Würzbug bajo la supervisión del Prof. Andreas Beilhack (2013-2015). Entre 2016 y 2021 fue Investigador Principal en el Manchester Fungal Infection Group (MFIG, Universidad de Manchester, Reino Unido) financiado con un MRC Career Development Award. En 2022 me he incorporado al Centro Nacional de Microbiología del ISCIII gracias a un contrato de Atracción de Talento de la Comunidad de Madrid. En 2024, pasó a ser Científico Titular de los OPIs en el CNM.
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Belén de Andrés Muguruza
Research Scientist
ORCID code: 0000-0002-7391-2823
Graduated in Biology in 1987 and PhD in 1992 from the Autonomous University of Madrid. He completed his doctoral thesis in the laboratory of Dr. Carlos Lahoz in the Immunology department of the Jiménez Díaz Foundation with a pre-doctoral stay at the Institute Curie in Paris, in the laboratory of Dr. Wolf H. Fridman. Subsequently, he completed a two-year postdoctoral stay in the Department of Pathology of the College of Medicine at the University of Iowa, USA, in the laboratory of Dr. Richard G. Lynch. After a year as an Adjunct in the Immunology department of the Jiménez Diaz Foundation, she worked for 2 years with a reinstatement contract from the Ministry of Science in the Immunobiology department of the CNM/ISCIII in the laboratory of Dr. Mª Luisa Gaspar and later with a Ramón y Cajal contract. In 2006 she obtained a position as Staff Senior Scientist.
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Francisco Díez Fuertes
Investigador Doctor Indefinido
ORCID code: 0000-0003-2413-9229
Degree in Biology from the University of León, PhD specialized in molecular virology from the Complutense University of Madrid in 2010 and master's degree in bioinformatics and computational biology from the same university in 2012. He has done research stays at University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign (USA) in 2010, Nebraska Center for Virology (USA) in 2011, Institut Pasteur (France) in 2013 and J. Craig Venter Institute (USA) in 2015-2016.
He joined the AIDS Immunopathology Unit in 2013 with a contract from the “Sara Borrell” postdoctoral program. After a period at the August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute in Barcelona he rejoins the AIDS Immunopathology Unit in 2020 as a PhD researcher.
His lines of research have focused on the genomic and transcriptomic characterization of extreme phenotypes in HIV-1 infection, including long-term non-progressors and elite controllers. He collaborates with other laboratories of the center in the analysis of outbreaks caused by viruses with interest in Public Health, as well as in evolutionary studies on genomic epidemiology. Since 2020 he has led different clinical studies on COVID-19. Currently, he combines omics sciences with different bioinformatics tools to answer different scientific questions in the field of virology, especially in HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 research. He currently coordinates together with Dr. Javier García Pérez the AIDS Immunopathology Unit.
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Mª Dolores Fernández García
Tenure Scientist
ORCID code: 0000-0003-0336-6596
Degree in Pharmacy (2005) and PhD from the University VII Paris Diderot in Microbiology (2010). She completed her doctoral thesis at the Pasteur Institute in Paris characterizing the molecular and cellular basis of flavivirus entry into cells. Specialist in Public Health Microbiology (European Program EUPHEM coordinated by ECDC). She has worked 3 years for the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a researcher at the Pasteur Institute in Dakar (Senegal) carrying out microbiological surveillance activities and research on polioviruses and non-polio enteroviruses in West Africa. She has obtained two Miguel Servet contracts: one to work at IMIBIC in Cordoba (2019) and an intramural one to work at CNM (2020). Both were awarded for the study of neurotropic viruses applying massive sequencing for their diagnosis. In 2021 he joined the CNM-ISCIII as a Tenure Research Scientist at the Enterovirus and Viral Gastroenteritis Unit of the CNM-ISCIII. Since then, she combines her scientific activity with the assistance to the National Health System in the microbiological research of outbreaks and in the Genomic Surveillance of Enteroviruses and Gastroenteritis-producing Viruses.
She is a researcher in the Epidemiology and Public Health Area of the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERESP-ISCIII). In addition, she is an evaluator and panelist for the HORIZON health program projects of the European Commission, the French National Agency ANRS-Emerging Infectious Diseases, R&D&I in HEALTH of the Strategic Action in Health (ISCIII) and the Andalusian Public Foundation Progreso y Salud. She has worked as scientific advisor to the Spanish Ministry of Health on Rotavirus and Polio. Since 2020 she has been teaching virology in different Spanish universities.
She has worked for WHO in the investigation of numerous outbreaks caused by viruses (Ebola, Zika, Yellow Fever, Dengue, etc.) in African and Asian countries strengthening laboratory capacities through technology transfer of diagnostic methods, training of laboratory personnel in these countries and scientific advisory tasks to the Ministries of Health. She has been the Health Coordinator of the START Project (Spanish Technical Aid Response Team) of the AECID, framed in the “Emergency Medical Teams” initiative of the WHO, participating in the establishment for Spain of a field hospital classified by the WHO as EMT Level 2 for interventions in humanitarian emergencies.
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María José Ferrándiz Avellano
Research Scientist
ORCID code: 0000-0003-1428-9506
Dr. María José Ferrández obtained her degree in Biology in 1990 and her PhD in 1997 from the Complutense University of Madrid. She completed her doctoral thesis at the Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas of CSIC in the laboratory of Dr. Miguel Vicente. She completed her postdoctoral training at the Centro Nacional de Microbiología of Instituto de Salud Carlos III (1998-2001 and 2003-2006) and at the Institute of Infection and Immunity (University of Nottingham) from 2001- 2003. From 2007 to 2015, she participated as a researcher of the CIBER of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES). Since 2006, she is a Full Scientist at the National Microbiology Center of the ISCIII.
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Jose Antonio Infantes Lorenzo
Project-Associated Researcher
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Inés Martín Martín
Tenured Scientist
ORCID code: 0000-0002-0956-7324
Within Medical Entomology, my work focuses on the study of phlebotomine sand flies and culicidae as vectors of leishmaniasis and arbovirosis, respectively. In 2014 I obtained my PhD degree “cum laude” with European mention from the Complutense University of Madrid. My PhD Thesis (developed at the Instituto de Salud Carlos III), focused on the study of phlebotomine sandfly saliva. Subsequently, during my postdoctoral period, I worked on insect gene editing, molecular, biochemical and functional characterization of insect saliva proteins and their role in the infection and transmission of pathogens. Most of my scientific career has been developed at the Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA. Since 2021 I am a Senior Scientist at the Laboratory of Medical Entomology (ISCIII).
List of staff
Additional Information
The Respiratory Viruses and Influenza Unit is the oldest WHO Influenza Center in our country (1968), designated as the National Influenza Center by the Ministry of Health in 1971, and is the national coordinator of the CCAA laboratories in the National Influenza Surveillance Network of the Influenza Surveillance System in Spain.
Its general objective is virological surveillance, detection and control of influenza in Spain. Since 1992, together with the Pediatric Service of the Severo Ochoa Hospital, a line of research has been developed based on the etiological study of viral respiratory infections in hospitalized children.
Since 2015, the La Paz Children's University Hospital and the Immunology Laboratory of the IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz have also participated, expanding the study to newborns and neonatal units.
To comprehensively study respiratory viruses and the response of the immune system in viral respiratory infections that affect newborns and pediatric patients.
Deepen the knowledge of the biological properties of the viruses involved in the disease: dependency/facilitation, balance between viruses and their adaptation in multiple infections, relationship with severity, existence of virome imbalance.
The Respiratory Viruses and Influenza Unit is the oldest WHO Influenza Center in our country (1968), designated as the National Influenza Center by the Ministry of Health in 1971, and is the national coordinator of the CCAA laboratories in the National Influenza Surveillance Network of the Influenza Surveillance System in Spain.
Its general objective is virological surveillance, detection and control of influenza in Spain. Since 1992, together with the Pediatric Service of the Severo Ochoa Hospital, a line of research has been developed based on the etiological study of viral respiratory infections in hospitalized children.
Since 2015, the La Paz Children's University Hospital and the Immunology Laboratory of the IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz have also participated, expanding the study to newborns and neonatal units.
To comprehensively study respiratory viruses and the response of the immune system in viral respiratory infections that affect newborns and pediatric patients.
Deepen the knowledge of the biological properties of the viruses involved in the disease: dependency/facilitation, balance between viruses and their adaptation in multiple infections, relationship with severity, existence of virome imbalance.
The current director of CNM is Dr. José Miguel Rubio Muñoz.
Dr. José Miguel Rubio has a degree in Biological Sciences from the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (1986) and a PhD in Biological Sciences from the same university (1992). He carried out his doctoral thesis at the Department of Genetics of the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, as Associate Professor (1988-1989), and at the School of Biology of the University of East Anglia in Norwich, UK, as Senior Research Assistant (1989-1992).
During his postdoctoral period he obtained a grant from the European Commission within the Human Capital and Mobility Program to be carried out at the University of “La Sapienza” in Rome, Italy and the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology in Crete, Greece (1993-1994). Subsequently, he made a further stay funded by the WHO and the university itself at the Department of Entomology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands (1994-1996).
Since 1997 he has been a member of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), where he joined the Department of Parasitology of the National Center of Microbiology, as an EU-INCO postdoctoral fellow and later with a grant from the Autonomous Community of Madrid (CAM). She was part of the founding group of the National Center for Tropical Medicine (2003-2006) and of the 24/7 Alerts and Emergencies Unit (2006-2018) and is currently Head of the Malaria and Emerging Parasitosis Unit of the National Microbiology Center and is part, as research staff, of the Center for Biomedical Research Network on Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC/ISCIII).
During his scientific career he has been Visiting Scientist at the Leonidas e Marie Dean Center (FIOCRUZ-AMAZONAS, Manaus, Brazil) and is an External Consultant of the Parasitology Departments of Cairo University (Egypt) and the Medical Research Center (MRC) of Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). He also belongs or has belonged to different national and international committees: Member of the expert group for malaria control of the European Centre for Disease Control (ECDC) since 2011; Expert-Evaluator for health programs of the European Commission since 2004; Spanish Representative (commissioned by ISCIII and MSC) in the Technical Scientific Committee of the TDR (WHO) 2007-2008; Spanish Deputy Focal Point for microbiology at the European Centre for Disease Control (ECDC) from 2012 to 2020; and, member of the Research Ethics Committee of ISCIII until 2019.
In this period he has published more than 100 articles in international indexed journals, 10 book chapters and has been co-editor of two books in the area of malaria, tropical medicine and neglected diseases. He has participated in 58 competitively funded research projects, 20 of them international, having been the principal investigator in 8 national and 11 international projects as PI of the project or WP leader. In addition, he has led five agreements with companies. Currently he has been awarded four sexenios of research, being presented this year 2025 to the fifth. In the teaching field, he participates in different postgraduate programs in the areas of microbiology and parasitology, having directed seven doctoral theses and more than 20 Master's or Degree final projects, both nationally and internationally.
El laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Resistencia a Antibióticos ofrece una amplia cartera de servicios al Sistema Nacional de Salud, las cuales pueden solicitarse en cnm-laboratorios.isciii.es. Jefe del Laboratorio: Jesús Oteo Iglesias (Punto focal Nacional de Resistencia antibiótica).
Dispone de dos programas de Vigilancia oficiales y gratuitos que engloban los ensayos ofertados ya sea como aislamientos individuales o mediante estudio de brotes. El Laboratorio utiliza asimismo técnicas de PCR en tiempo real para la detección de genes de resistencia, estas técnicas se han adaptado a un formato multiplex que permite detectar varios genes en la misma reacción. En los últimos años se han incluido metodologías basadas en la secuenciación de genomas completos para el análisis de bacterias multiresistentes (WGS).
Programa de vigilancia de Haemophilus influenzae. Responsables: María Pérez Vázquez (Punto focal Nacional de Haemophilus influenzae) y Belén Aracil. Laboratorio encargado de la identificación, estudio de sensibilidad y análisis genotípico de aislados de Haemophilus influenzae, centrándose esencialmente en la patología invasiva debida este patógeno.
Programa de vigilancia de Resistencia a Antibióticos. Responsables: María Pérez Vázquez y Belén Aracil (Punto focal Nacional de Resistencia antibiótica). Laboratorio encargado de la identificación, el estudio de sensibilidad antibiótica, y el diagnóstico fenotípico y genotípico de los diferentes mecanismos de resistencia a antibióticos fundamentalmente en enterobacterias y gram-negativos no fermentadores y Enterococcus spp.
Estudio de brotes. Responsables: Belén Aracil y María Pérez Vázquez. El programa incluye la caracterización de brotes nosocomiales y clones emergentes de alto riesgo mediante diferentes técnicas moleculares (tabla resumen). Éstas, nos permiten realizar estudios filogenéticos con el fin de obtener una información detallada acerca la relación entre los diferentes aislados y su trazabilidad. El objetivo final es generar datos que se transfieren a los hospitales como ayuda para la prevención o control de la propagación del brote.
Acreditación y Calidad. Responsable: Belén Aracil. El laboratorio Referencia e Investigación en Resistencia a Antibióticos ha sido de los primeros en el ISCIII en la utilización de técnicas acreditadas por la Entidad Nacional de Acreditaciones (ENAC). Este laboratorio consiguió la primera acreditación homologada de técnicas diagnósticas en 2012, programa que ha sido ampliado, de manera que en la actualidad más de la mitad de las técnicas ofrecidas al Sistema Nacional de Salud están debidamente acreditadas por ENAC.
Técnicos responsables de las técnicas realizadas en el Laboratorio: Noelia Lara Fuella y Verónica Bautista Sánchez.
En la siguiente imagen se resumen las técnicas ofrecidas al Sistema Nacional de Salud.
| PROGRAMAS | NOMBRE CARTERA SERVICIO | PATÓGENO | DETERMINACIÓN, DETECCIÓN, ANÁLISIS | MÉTODOS |
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Programa de vigilancia de Haemophilus Programa de vigilancia de resistencia a antibióticos. |
Identificación bacteriana |
Haemophilus sp. Enterobacterias, gram-negativos no fermentadores, Enterococcus spp |
Identificación bacteriana |
Bioquímicos MALDI TOF Secuenciación de RNAr |
| | Identificación capsular |
Haemophilus influenzae
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Identificación capsular fenotípica y genotípica |
Aglutinación serológica en latex PCR ind/multiplex |
| | Determinación de Sensibilidad |
Haemophilus sp. Enterobacterias, gram-negativos no fermentadores, Enterococcus
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Determinación de Sensibilidad |
Microdilución Tiras epsilon Kirby Bauer |
| | Métodos fenotípicos de detección de mecanismos de resistencia |
Enterobacterias, gram-negativos no fermentadores,
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Métodos fenotípicos de detección de mecanismos de resistencia |
Discos y tabletas combinados con inhibidores Tiras combinadas Test de Hodge modificado CabaNP Inmunocromatografía CBP |
| | Métodos genotípicos de detección de mecanismos de resistencia |
Haemophilus sp. Enterobacterias, gram-negativos no fermentadores, Enterococcus
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ADN, PCR y secuenciación |
PCR ind/multiplex Análisis comparativo de las secuencias |
| | Tipificación molecular/análisis filogenéticos |
Haemophilus sp. Enterobacterias, gram-negativos no fermentadores, Enterococcus
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Corte enzimas de restricción, electroforesis ADN, PCR y secuenciación Preparación de librerías y secuenciación y análisis de genomas completos |
PFGE
MLST
WGS |